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Vitamins: Classification, Deficiency, Uses, and Adverse Effects

Vitamins are organic compounds essential for normal metabolic functions. They are classified into two categories:

1. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

  • Vitamin A (Retinol)
  • Vitamin D (Calciferol)
  • Vitamin E (Tocopherol)
  • Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

2. Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
  • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
  • Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
  • Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
  • Vitamin B7 (Biotin)
  • Vitamin B9 (Folic acid)
  • Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Deficiency, Therapeutic Uses, and Adverse Effects

1. Vitamin A (Retinol)

  • Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia, immune system impairment.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Treatment of vitamin A deficiency, acne, psoriasis.
  • Adverse Effects: Hypervitaminosis A causing nausea, liver damage, bone abnormalities.

2. Vitamin D (Calciferol)

  • Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Bone health, osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency treatment.
  • Adverse Effects: Hypercalcemia, kidney stones, soft tissue calcification.

3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

  • Deficiency: Neurological issues like ataxia, peripheral neuropathy.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Skin health, antioxidant, cardiovascular disease prevention.
  • Adverse Effects: Increased bleeding risk at high doses.

4. Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

  • Deficiency: Bleeding disorders due to impaired clotting.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Treating anticoagulant overdose, preventing hemorrhagic disease in newborns.
  • Adverse Effects: Rare; can interfere with anticoagulants at high doses.

5. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

  • Deficiency: Scurvy, bleeding gums, joint pain, impaired wound healing.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Preventing scurvy, enhancing iron absorption, antioxidant.
  • Adverse Effects: High doses cause gastrointestinal distress and kidney stones.

6. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

  • Deficiency: Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Thiamine deficiency treatment in alcoholics.
  • Adverse Effects: No significant toxicity.

7. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

  • Deficiency: Ariboflavinosis, sore throat, cracks on the lips.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Riboflavin deficiency treatment, migraine prevention.
  • Adverse Effects: Yellow-orange urine discoloration at high doses.

8. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

  • Deficiency: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia).
  • Therapeutic Uses: Lowering cholesterol, treating pellagra.
  • Adverse Effects: Flushing, liver toxicity, gastrointestinal distress at high doses.

9. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

  • Deficiency: Fatigue, depression, confusion.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Adrenal insufficiency treatment, wound healing support.
  • Adverse Effects: No significant adverse effects.

10. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

  • Deficiency: Peripheral neuropathy, irritability, depression.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Treatment of deficiency and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
  • Adverse Effects: High doses may cause nerve damage.

11. Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

  • Deficiency: Hair loss, skin rashes, neurological symptoms.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Hair and nail health.
  • Adverse Effects: No known adverse effects.

12. Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

  • Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects in fetuses.
  • Therapeutic Uses: Preventing neural tube defects, treating folate deficiency.
  • Adverse Effects: High doses may mask B12 deficiency.

13. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

  • Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, fatigue, neurological symptoms.
  • Therapeutic Uses: B12 deficiency treatment and related neurological conditions.
  • Adverse Effects: Rare; high doses may cause acne.